DEGREES OF COMPARISON

REFERENSI :
English grammar-stacy A. hagen
Modern English-marcella frank
english grammar-angela downing
Modul bahasa inggris-swastanto wahyu S.Pd
Panduan pendalaman materi bahasa inggris-Eneng sinarti S.Pd
Catetan selama pembelajaran


DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Degrees of Comparison are used when we compare one person or one thing with another.
In English grammar the degree of comparison of an adjective or adverb that describes the relational value of one thing with something in another clause of a sentence. An adjective may simply describe a quality, (the positive); it may compare the quality with that of another of its kind (comparative degree); and it may compare the quality with many or all others (superlative degree). In other languages it may describe a very large degree of a particular quality (in Semitic linguistics, called an elative).

The degrees of comparison (tingkat perbandingan) berjumlah tiga tingkat, yaitu :
1. The positive degree (tingkat biasa)
2. The comparative (tingkat lebih/perbandingan)
3. The superlative (tingkat paling)

1.The positive degree is the most basic form of the adjective, positive because it does not relate to any superior or inferior qualities of other things in speech.
2.The comparative degree denotes a greater amount of a quality relative to something else. The phrase “Anna is taller than her father” means that Anna's degree of tallness is greater than her father's degree of tallness.
3.The superlative degree denotes the most, the largest, etc., by which it differs from other things.

A. POSITIVE DEGREE (tingkat positif) When we speak about only one person or thing,We use the Positive degree. Merupakan perbandingan dua nilai yang sama . digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu itu sama tingkatannya. Perbandingan untuk sesuatu yang tingkatannya sama digunakan as … as.
As….as is used to say that the tqo parts of a comparation are equal or the same in some way
example :
Your house as big as my house
This book is as expensive as that one
your house no less big than my house
His car not so new as yours
His car less new than yours
Solo is as beautiful as Surabaya
Her love is as much as mine
this flower is not as beautiful as that
Sony and toshiba have the same price
This house is not as big as that one
Jakarta is not as warm as Surabaya.
He is not as intelligent as this boy.
This girl is as clever as that
This girl is no less clever than that
That girl is not more clever than this

B. COMPARATIVE DEGREE When we compare two persons or two things with each other . digunakan apabila dua orang atau benda dikatakan tidak sama dalam hal sifat yang tertentu Yang satu lebih dari yang lain. Tingkat perbandingan dinyatakan dengan menggunakan “-er” jika kata sifat itu hanya memiliki satu suku kata (one syllable) serta di tambah kata “than.”
The comparative compares “this/these” to “that/those
Form: suffix-ER : for one syllable word
More : for more than one syllable word
Less : for more than one syllable word
A comparative is followed by “than”
Er…….than
More…….than
Less….than
Menyatakan perbandingan bahwa sesuatu lebih atau kurang dari yang lain. Beberapa cara untuk mengekspresikan perbandingan tersebut antara lain :

1. Menggunakan kata penghubung than
2. Menambahkan akhiran -er pada kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu atau dua suku kata
3. Menambahkan kata depan more apabila kata sifat lebih dari tiga suku atau apabila yang dibandingkan adalah kata keterangan

Example :

Handi is taller than Anton
This blue pen is cheeper thab the black pen
A train is faster than a bus
Rio is much taller than lely
This house is bigger than that one
Notebook is more expensive than personal computer
Marry finished the test more quickly than jack
He is more intelligent than this boy
This problem is simpler than the one we had yesterday.
The street in front of my house is narrower than this one.
tV Program are more interesting than radio program.
My trousers are more expensive than yours.
Lisa is taller than her sister
Jakarta is bigger than Surabay

C. SUPERLATIVE DEGREE (tingkat superlative) yaitu apabila seseorang atau sebuah benda dikatakan melebihi atau mengungguli semua orang atau benda yang lain yang sama macamnya, kita menggunakan superlative degree dengan the … of.
The superlative compares one part of a whole group to all the rest of the group
Form : suffix-est : for one syllable word
The most……. : for more than one syllable word
The least
Digunakan untuk menyatakan hal yang paling ter- dari segala hal lainnya yang menjadi perbandingan

1. Menambahkan kata sandang the di depan kata sifat ataupun di depan kata keterangan
2. Menambahkan akhiran -est pada kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu atau dua suku kata (misal : short, tall, dsb)
3. Menambahkan kata depan most apabila kata sifat lebih dari tiga suku atau apabila yang dibandingkan adalah kata keterangan

Example :
The building is the highest building in this town
This job is easier than that one
He is the smastest boys in my class
Ina is the most beautiful girls in my school
She is the most beautiful woman in this country
Elvis Presley is the greatest musician in the world
Hani finished the test the most quickly
This is the fastest car in the rally.
Today is the happiest day for me. It’s my birthday.

EXCEPTION :
Positive-comparative-superlative
: good/well-better-the best
: bad-worse-the worst
: far-farther-the farthest
: little-less-the least
: much-more-the most

Countable & uncountable Nouns

REFERENSI :
English grammar-stacy A. hagen
Modern English-marcella frank
english grammar-angela downing
Modul bahasa inggris-swastanto wahyu S.Pd
Panduan pendalaman materi bahasa inggris-Eneng sinarti S.Pd
Catetan selama pembelajaran


Countable Nouns

Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count.
Countable noun adalah kata benda yang dapat dihitung.
Example :
dog, cat, animal, man, person
bottle, box, litre
coin, note, dollar
cup, plate, fork
table, chair, suitcase, bag
Countable noun : 1.Singular (tunggal)
2.Plural (jamak) biasanya dengan penambahan ‘s atau ‘es pada bentuk tunggalnya

Example :
Book-books
Pen-pens
Watch-watches
Table-tables
Chair-chairs
Cup-cups
Loss-losses
Key-keys
City-cities
Baby-babies

Countable nouns can be singular or plural:
My dog is playing.
My dogs are hungry.
We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:
A dog is an animal.
When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:
I want an orange. (not I want orange.)
Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)
When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:
I like oranges.
Bottles can break.
We can use some and any with countable nouns:
I've got some dollars.
Have you got any pens?
We can use a few and many with countable nouns:
I've got a few dollars.
I haven't got many pens.
"People" is countable. "People" is the plural of "person". We can count people:
There is one person here.
There are three people here.


Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them.
Uncountable noun adalah kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung, jenis kata benda yang tidak mempunyai bentuk jamak.
Example :
Air,milk,salt,paper
music,art,love
advice, information, news
furniture, luggage
rice, sugar, butter, water
electricity, gas, power
money, currency
Dan yang dijadikan bentuk jamak adalah ukurannya atau takarannya (quantifier-nya)
Example :
Two glasses of water
Five tins of butter
Three plates of rice
Two slices of bread
Five bottles of milk

We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:
This news is very important.
Your luggage looks heavy.
We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say a something of:
a piece of news
a bottle of water
a grain of rice
We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:
I've got some money.
Have you got any rice?
We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:
I've got a little money.
I haven't got much rice.

ACTIVE & PASIVE

REFERENSI :
English grammar-stacy A. hagen
Modern English-marcella frank
english grammar-angela downing
Modul bahasa inggris-swastanto wahyu S.Pd
Panduan pendalaman materi bahasa inggris-Eneng sinarti S.Pd
Catetan selama pembelajaran

ACTIVE & PASSIVE FORM

Kalimat Aktif adalah Kalimat yang subjeknya melakukan pekerjaan atau melakukan perbuatan dimana Subjeknya sebagai pelaku, subjeknya melakukan pekerjaan terhadap objek,
Kalimat Pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya dikenai pekerjaan atau dikenai perbuatan, objek dilakui pekerjaan oleh subjek, kalimat yang subjectnya dikenai suatu tindakan

# Langkah-langkah untuk Mengubah Kalimat Aktif ke dalam Kalimat Pasif
  Identifikasi unsure subyek, predikat, dan obyek dalam kalimat aktif;
  Bila unsure obyek yang digunakan da kalimat aktif kata ganti orang, ubahlah bentuk kata ganti orang sebagai obyek ke dalam bentuk kata ganti orang sebagai subyek;
  Pindahkan unsur obyek dari kalimat aktif ke letak unsur subyek pada kalimat pasif;
  Bila perlu, pindahkan unsure subyek ke letak unsur agent (by …);
  Sesuaikan bentuk unsur predikat dengan subyek (agreement) menurut jenis tense yang digunakan;
  Ubahlah bentuk unsur predikat kalimat aktif ke dalam bentuk unsur predikat kalimat pasif menurut tense yang digunakan.

ACTIVE – PASIVE
1.Simple present (S+V1) - tobe (is/am/are) + V3
Example :
Maya cooks the rice everyday – the rice is cooked by maya everyday
Caca mails the letters to my office – the letters are mailed to my office
Anis read the novel tonight – the novel is read by anis tonight
Mother sew the dress – the dress is sewn by mother
Nina tear the paper – the paper is torn by nina

2.Present continous (S+TOBE+Ving) – Tobe+being+V3
Example :
Cica is buying that book – that book is being bought by Cica
Rian is spelling the word – the word is being spelt by Rian
Teacher is teaching the student in the class – the student are being taught by teacher in the class
We are opening the door right now – the door is being opened by us right now
Bobi is cuting the grass in the garden – the grass is being cuted by bobi in the garden

3.Present perfect (S+HAS/HAVE+V3) – have/has + been +V3
Example :
They have hunted some rabbits – some rabbits have been hunted by them
Rini has bought that bag – that bag has been bought by Rini
Dina has returned all mybooks – all my books have been returned by dina
Tina has swept the floor – the floor has been swept by Tina
They have upset the wall – the wall has beeb upset by us

4.Simple past (S+V2) – tobe (was/were)+V3
Example :
Tia made that pie – that pie was made by Tina
Tio stole the money yesterday – the money was stolen by tio yesterday
Mother wove the cloth – the cloth was woven by mother
Via wrote letter for Tito in America – Letter was written by Via in America
Ria told the love story – the love story was told by Ria

5.Past continous ( s+was/were+Ving) – (was/were)+being+V3
Example ;
Inna was recording our conversation – our conversation was being recorded by inna
Jia was sweeping the floor – the floor was being swept by jia
They were hunting some rabbtis – some rabbits were being hunted by them
Mom was cooking soup – the soup was being cooked by mom
Febri was reading the book – the book was being read by febri

6.Past perfect ( s+had+V3) – had + been + V3
Example :
Dina had returned all my books – all my books had been returned by dina
Mia had sold the pie – the pie had been sold by mia
Vian had found handphone in the walk – handphone had been found by Vian in the walk
Tini had brought the notebook – the notebook had been brought by Tini
Vina had bought the shoes in mall – the shoes had been bought by Vina in mall